Non-Surgical (Medical): Using drugs like Alpha-blockers to relax the bladder/prostate or Antibiotics for chronic infections. Scope-Based (No Incisions): Doctors slide tiny cameras and lasers through the natural urinary opening to vaporize prostate tissue or “zap” kidney stones into dust (e.g., Cystoscopy, Laser Lithotripsy, TURP). External Waves: Using Shockwave Lithotripsy (ESWL) to break stones from outside the body using sound waves—no cutting involved. Minimally Invasive (Keyhole): Small 1cm incisions used for Robotic Surgery to remove tumors or the prostate, resulting in faster healing and less pain. Injections & Implants: Botox for overactive bladders, UroLift staples for prostate blockages, or Penile Implants for erectile dysfunction.